Solo con una prueba y error sobre sus datos de muestra de SQL Fiddle, esta es la consulta que devuelve los datos esperados:
SELECT SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(firmware_version, '/') path_,
firmware_version,
device_count,
dmc_id,
charging_group_id,
IMAGE_PREREQUISITE,
(SELECT SUM(device_count)
FROM DM_TEMP_SUMMING_DVC_BY_FW t2
START WITH t1.firmware_version = t2.firmware_version
and T1.dmc_id = T2.dmc_id
and T1.charging_group_id = T2.charging_group_id
CONNECT BY nocycle PRIOR firmware_version=image_prerequisite and prior dmc_id = dmc_id and prior charging_group_id = charging_group_id
) sum_device
FROM DM_TEMP_SUMMING_DVC_BY_FW t1
START WITH image_prerequisite IS NULL
CONNECT BY nocycle PRIOR firmware_version = image_prerequisite
and prior dmc_id = dmc_id
and prior charging_group_id = charging_group_id
charging_group_id y dmc_id son muy importantes para el resultado esperado, como lo mencionó correctamente krokodilko en su comentario anterior.
