Compruebe si todos los valores de una matriz existen en una columna de la base de datos

Sería más eficiente construir una declaración con WHERE IN para obtener los correos coincidentes y luego comparar las matrices resultantes. Puede usar array_diff() para obtener la diferencia de las matrices.

<?php

mysqli_report(MYSQLI_REPORT_ERROR | MYSQLI_REPORT_STRICT);
$conn = mysqli_connect($servername, $username, $password, $db);

echo "Connected successfully\n";

$tags = preg_split("/\,/", $_POST['tags']);
$invalidEmails = array();
$count = 0;

// modify your array how you want it
foreach ($tags as $i => $tag) {
    $trim_brackets = trim($tag, '[]');
    $trim_quotes = trim($trim_brackets, '"');
    $tags[$i] = $trim_quotes;
}

// build placeholders for WHERE IN
$in = str_repeat('?,', count($tags) - 1) . '?';
// prepare query
$stmt = $conn->prepare("SELECT mail FROM dej_colleagues WHERE mail IN ($in)");
// bind an array of values. First params is a type list.
$stmt->bind_param(str_repeat('s', count($tags)), ...$tags);
$stmt->execute();
$results = $stmt->get_result();
// fetch the matching mails into an array
$mails = [];
foreach ($results as $row) {
    $mails[] = $row['mail'];
}

// get the difference between the two arrays
$invalidEmails = array_diff($tags, $mails);

if (count($tags) === count($mails)) {
    echo "good";
}

var_dump($invalidEmails);