Campos de tabla autorreferenciales en MySQL

Una opción es hacer que su campo NULL -able, y establezca la clave principal del registro raíz en NULL :

CREATE TABLE tb_1 (
   id       int   NOT NULL  PRIMARY KEY,
   value    int   NOT NULL,
   parent   int   NULL,
   FOREIGN KEY (parent) REFERENCES tb_1(id)
) ENGINE=INNODB;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.43 sec)

-- This fails:
INSERT INTO tb_1 VALUES (1, 1, 0);
ERROR 1452 (23000): A foreign key constraint fails.

-- This succeeds:
INSERT INTO tb_1 VALUES (1, 1, NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.08 sec)

De lo contrario, aún podría usar un NOT NULL clave principal y apúntela al registro raíz en sí:

CREATE TABLE tb_2 (
   id       int   NOT NULL  PRIMARY KEY,
   value    int   NOT NULL,
   parent   int   NOT NULL,
   FOREIGN KEY (parent) REFERENCES tb_2(id)
) ENGINE=INNODB;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.43 sec)

-- This fails:
INSERT INTO tb_2 VALUES (1, 1, 0);
ERROR 1452 (23000): A foreign key constraint fails.

-- This succeeds:
INSERT INTO tb_2 VALUES (1, 1, 1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.08 sec)