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¿Hay un operador más cercano de postgres?

Puede que esté un poco equivocado con la sintaxis, pero esta consulta parametrizada (todos los ? toman el '1' de la pregunta original) debería ejecutarse rápido, básicamente 2 búsquedas B-Tree [suponiendo que el número esté indexado].

SELECT * FROM
(
  (SELECT id, number FROM t WHERE number >= ? ORDER BY number LIMIT 1) AS above
  UNION ALL
  (SELECT id, number FROM t WHERE number < ? ORDER BY number DESC LIMIT 1) as below
) 
ORDER BY abs(?-number) LIMIT 1;

El plan de consulta para esto con una tabla de ~5e5 filas (con un índice en number ) se ve así:

psql => explain select * from (
        (SELECT id, number FROM t WHERE number >= 1 order by number limit 1) 
        union all
        (select id, number from t where number < 1 order by number desc limit 1)
) as make_postgresql_happy 
order by abs (1 - number) 
limit 1;
                                                  QUERY PLAN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Limit  (cost=0.24..0.24 rows=1 width=12)
   ->  Sort  (cost=0.24..0.24 rows=2 width=12)
         Sort Key: (abs((1::double precision - public.t.number)))
         ->  Result  (cost=0.00..0.23 rows=2 width=12)
               ->  Append  (cost=0.00..0.22 rows=2 width=12)
                     ->  Limit  (cost=0.00..0.06 rows=1 width=12)
                           ->  Index Scan using idx_t on t  (cost=0.00..15046.74 rows=255683 width=12)
                                 Index Cond: (number >= 1::double precision)
                     ->  Limit  (cost=0.00..0.14 rows=1 width=12)
                           ->  Index Scan Backward using idx_t on t  (cost=0.00..9053.67 rows=66136 width=12)
                                 Index Cond: (number < 1::double precision)
(11 rows)